Jig and Fixture Design

Abstract This paper proposes a design of jigs and fixtures for the mass production manufacturing of Sportsman Race Series aluminum slipper pistons (Probe Industries) that are used in the Chevrolet LS Series V8 engines. The designs of two sets of jig and fixture designs are proposed. The first set (two vee-blocks and a drill bushing) is designed for the process of drilling the wrist pin holes in the piston. The second design (two vee-blocks and a pin locator) is used in the milling of the skirts and lower form of the piston.The designs use principles of manufacturing facilities design, research on manufacturing practices and 3D modeling software (Catia) in order to optimize quality (accuracy), costs and productivity in the manufacture of such pistons. 1. Introduction 1. 1 The Piston An important mechanical component of an internal combustion engine, the piston is basically a solid part in an airtight cylinder that moves under the pressure of a fluid and transfers the force of the expa nding gas to a crankshaft through a connecting rod (The American Heritage, 2005). Pistons typically consist of a few main features.Pistons are cylindrical. The top part of the piston that comes into contact with the expanding gas is the crown. All pistons have a wrist pin hole to contain a steel wrist pin that attaches the piston to a rod that is connected to the crankshaft. The skirt of the piston is the end opposite the crown and is often milled in the sides to reduce weight. 1. 2 Selected Component (Chevrolet LS Series V8 Piston) The specific component chosen for the design project is the Sportsman Race Series aluminum slipper piston (Probe Industries) used in the Chevrolet LS Series V8 engine.The high-speed nature of a V8 engine requires pistons to have reduced weight to improve engine balancing. Unlike older pistons that were made with cast iron, this piston is made with forged aluminum alloy to reduce its weight as well as improve fatigue life. Furthermore, this specific pisto n is a slipper piston with a length of only half its diameter and has some parts milled off in order to reduce size and weight dramatically. 1. 3 Objectives, Scope, and Assumptions The aim of this design project is to design jigs and fixtures for the mass production of the aluminum slipper piston used in the Chevrolet LS Series V8 engine.The scope of the design project is limited to designing jigs and fixtures for the only two processes in the manufacture of such pistons that require jigs and fixtures, specifically the drilling of the wrist pin holes and the milling of the skirts and lower form of the piston. The design project does not account for the exact design, accuracy or efficiency of the drilling and milling machines. The strength and hardness of the materials are not considered. The time and motion in between the processes are not measured for optimization. 2. Manufacturing the Component 2. 1 Component DesignThe exact specifications and design of the piston for the Chevrole t LS Series V8 engine were taken from a manufacturer of such pistons, Probe Industries. The bore (diameter) of the piston is 4 inches and the height is 2 inches. The wrist pin hole is 0. 927 inches in diameter and centered at 1. 155 inches below the crown. The wrist pin length is 2. 5 inches, meaning that the skirt below the oil grooves is milled at each end of the wrist pin hole up to 1. 25 inches away from the center of the cylinder (Probe Industries, 2012). These dimensions are important in the milling and drilling processes in the manufacture of the piston.The image below shows the rest of the dimensions and the tolerances (calculations shown later). 2. 2 Machining Processes in Manufacture of Component After forging a solid aluminum slug into the basic shape of the piston with the desired strength and stability, the component undergoes several machining processes. The first machining process involves using a lathe or a CNC turning machine to make the base, cut out oil rings or g rooves, and drill oil holes. The second process is to drill a large hole on one side of the piston through to the other. This (wrist pin hole) is where the wrist pin is placed to attach the piston to the connecting rod.The third process is to use a milling machine to shave off material at the sides where the wrist pin hole was drilled in order to reduce the weight of the piston. The fourth machining process involves finishing with a lathe machine, wherein the crown is made into its final shape, the bottom edges of the skirt are shaped, and slots/engravings are made. 3. 3 Machining Processes Requiring Jigs and Fixtures The only processes that require jigs and fixtures are the second and third machining processes, the drilling process and milling process. The first and the fourth process use CNC turning/lathe machines and they require no jigs or fixtures.The process of drilling the wrist pin hole however requires a bushing to locate the point in the cylinder that needs to be drilled a s well as a lower vee-block (with a locator at on end) and an upper vee-block (with the bushing and a pin/screw connecting to the lower vee-block) to hold the cylinder. The process of milling requires a lower vee-block as well but with a pin that goes through the wrist pin hole to hold the piston in place in the vee-block. A second, upper vee-block is used to guide the milling machine. The upper and the lower vee-block are referenced to each other with pins. 3.Functional Analysis of Jigs and Fixtures 3. 1 Drilling Process For the drilling process, a vee-block fixture is required to hold and support the cylindrical component. The design of the vee-block includes a locator at the end of the cylinder to keep the piece from moving and to help put the cylinder/piston in the right position. To drill the hole, a bushing is required to guide the drilling machine. The bushing goes through an upside-down vee-block that is put in location by pins connecting it to the lower vee-block. Bushing f or Jig Assembly: Vee-Block for Jig Assembly: Drilling Jig Assembly:Drilling Fixture Assembly (Vee-Block): Drilling Process Jig and Fixture Assembly: 3. 2 Milling Process For the milling process, the piston must be held in the right position and orientation. A vee-block is again used to support the cylindrical piston. And a locating pin is placed in the center of the vee-block at an exact location along it in order to put the piston in the right position along the vee-block and at the right orientation (hole facing upwards) for the milling to be correct (since only the sides with the holes must be milled and only exactly below the oil rings).A thin upside-down vee-block is strapped on to the top of the cylinder and connected to the lower vee-block at an exact location (using pins or screws) in order to hold the piston in place and to keep the milling machine from milling into the oil rings. To mill the other side, the piston is simply turned over and fitted into the locator from the newly milled side. Milling Process Jig (Vee-Block): Milling Process Fixture (Vee-Block and Locating Pin): Milling Process Jig and Fixture Assembly: 4. Tolerance Calculation 4. 1 Tolerance Calculation of Jig and Fixture for Drilling Process To compute or the tolerance of the upper jig of the drilling process, the tolerances of the left and right locating pins and pin holes are computed first. The tolerances and the clearances must be just enough so that both locating pins can fit in the pin holes (in all cases including largest and smallest size of one or both pins and of one or both holes). It should be noted that the worst possible scenario is that on one side of the jig, the hole is the maximum size and the pin is the minimum size while on the other side, the hole is the minimum size and the pin is the maximum size. Given that the diameter of each pin hole in the jig is 12. mm (or 0. 5 inches); the tolerance chosen for this is plus/minus 0. 01 mm (leading to a range of 12. 69-12. 71 mm for the diameter of the hole). A clearance of 0. 05 mm is chosen, causing the largest diameter for the locating pin to be 12. 64 mm. The tolerance chosen for the locating pin is plus/minus 0. 005 mm (leading to a range of 12. 635-12. 645 mm for the diameter of the pin). In the worst case scenario, on one side, the maximum hole size would be 12. 71 mm while the minimum pin size would be 12. 635 mm (leading to a potential gap of 0. 075 mm and a left or right shift of 0. 0375 mm).In the worst case scenario for locating pins where one side has a maximum hole of 12. 71 mm and a minimum pin of 12. 635 mm and the other side of the jig has a minimum hole of 12. 69 mm and a maximum pin of 12. 645 mm, the maximum shift of 0. 0375 mm on either side would still allow the larger pin to fit in the smaller hole since there would still be a gap of 0. 0075 mm (12. 69 – 0. 0375 – 12. 645 = 0. 0075). Since the bushing is screwed on tight into the jig, there is no clearance between the bushing and the jig and thus no need to differentiate between the two pieces in terms of tolerance.The tolerances of the pins and pin holes would cause variation in the position of the drill. The worst case scenario would be if on any side, the pin hole is of maximum size (12. 71 mm) and the locating pin is of minimum diameter (12. 635 mm) leading to a potential gap of 0. 075 mm and a left or right shift of 0. 0375 mm. This shift would cause the drill (center of bushing hole) to move 0. 0375 mm in any direction from the center of the jig, and thus the final wrist pin hole would be plus/minus 0. 0375 mm from the center of the final product (50. 7625 – 50. 8375 mm from the side of the piston and 29. 025 – 29. 3775 mm from the top of the piston). This is within the product specification wherein the tolerance is plus/minus 0. 05 mm (50. 75 – 50. 85 mm from the side of the piston and 29. 29 – 29. 39 mm from the top of the piston). The positions of the loca ting pins and pin holes for the upper and lower vee-block have a tolerance of 0. 005 mm on any direction and thus cause the position of the drilled hole to be between 29. 335-29. 345 mm from the top of the piston and between 50. 795-50. 805 mm from the side of the piston (still within product specifications).The locator on the lower fixture as well as the back plate each has a tolerance of 0. 005 mm combining into a worst case shift of 0. 01 mm and would cause the position of the drill to be between 29. 33-29. 35 mm from the top of the piston (still within product specifications). All the other tolerances of the drilling assembly have no effect. 4. 2 Tolerance Calculation of Jig and Fixture for Milling Process For the milling process, the holes in the upper and lower vee-blocks for the pins that locate the upper vee-block are exactly the same as in the upper jig for the drilling process.Thus the tolerances are the same (0. 01 mm hole tolerance, 0. 05 mm clearance, and 0. 005 mm loca ting pin tolerance) and so is the worst case scenario (shift of 0. 0375 mm). Since the upper vee-block guides the milling machine with a feeler gauge of 0. 01 mm, the worst case scenario would mean that the milled section is either 0. 0375 mm too high or too low on the piston (16. 7625 – 16. 8375 mm from the top of the piston). This is within the product specification wherein the tolerance is plus/minus 0. 05 mm (16. 75 – 16. 85 mm from the top of the piston).As of the lower fixture for the milling process, the symmetrical vee-block allows the cylindrical component to remain centered without rolling even when the size of the component or the fixture varies, thus eliminating the need to set tolerances. However, the tolerance must be calculated for the locating pin that goes through the wrist pin hole since a gap here would cause milling area to move up or down from the top of the piston. The hole that was previously drilled with a diameter of 23. 55 mm is assumed to hav e a tolerance of 0. 01 mm from the drilling process.A clearance of 0. 05 mm is chosen. And the locating pin has a tolerance of 0. 005 mm, thus ranging in size from 23. 49 – 23. 5 mm. In the worst case scenario of a hole with a maximum of 23. 56 mm and a locating pin with a minimum of 23. 49 mm, the potential gap would be 0. 07 mm or a shift of 0. 035 mm up or down the cylinder. This would lead the milling machine to start milling at a point between 16. 765 – 16. 835 mm from the top of the piston. This is within product specification wherein the tolerance is plus/minus 0. 05 mm (16. 75 – 16. 85 mm from the top of the piston).The locations of all the holes and locating pins should have a tolerance of 0. 005 on any direction in order to keep within product specifications. 5. Clamp Selection and Force Calculation For the drilling process, strap clamps are applied on the fixture by using a pair of socket head cap screws on the two sides of the upside-down vee-block. The two socket head cap screws locate the upper vee-block and clamp it to the lower vee-block when holding the work piece piston in place. The diameter of the holes on lower vee-block for screw is 12. 7 mm, thus M12 size socket head cap screws are selected for clamping.The tool force direction of drilling is downward and it has a tool rotation. The strap clamps fasten the upside-down vee-block and the lower vee-block preventing the cylinder from rotational motion and horizontal motion. The tool force can be taken advantage of clamping down the work piece cylinder. According to Spaenaur (2012), the tightening torque of a screw is the product of torque-friction coefficient, nominal screw diameter, and clamping load (T = KDP). The Table 1 has shown that the M12 socket head cap screw has a minimum tensile strength of 160000 pound per inch, and its material is High Carbon Quenched Tempered.In addition, it has a production torque of 125 pound. feet.. Then search this torque data in the re lated Table 2, the clamping force is approximately 13395 pound. For the milling process, the strap clamps are applied by a pair of socket set screws on the two sides of the thin upside-down vee-block. The two socket set screws locate the upper vee-block and clamp it to the lower vee-block when holding the work piece piston in place. The diameter of the holes on lower vee-block for screw is 12. 7 mm, thus M12 size socket set screws are selected for clamping.The table 1 has shown that M12 socket set screw has a minimum tensile strength of 212000 pound per inch, and its material is also High Carbon Quenched Tempered. It has a production torque of 43 pound. feet.. It can be seen in the related table, the clamping force is approximately 4286 pound. For a drilling machine, Pirtini and Lazoglu (2005) has proved that the pressure over the work piece as the cutter moving down into the work piece with same federate remains a constant value, and additional tests have been suggested that the co nstant pressure P(f) (MPa) can be described as a function of feed rate (f) (mm/min).P (f) = 1. 5364f – 103. 06. If the feed rate of the drilling machine is 198 mm/min, then the pressure is 201. 14 MPa. The equation to calculating cutting force is F= P * A. where F is the net force between the measured force and predicted thrust force due to cutting in the thrust direction and A is the contacting area of the cutter at an instant. The force is about 87 kN with the 23. 55 mm diameter drilling hole. For milling machine, we take the piston as an example: Width of cut = 79. 3mm = 3. 122 inch Depth of cut = 19 mm = 0. 748 inch Feed rate = 19. 5 inch/min K† factor =1. 56 MRR = depth of cut x width of cut x feed rate MRR = 3. 122 x 0. 748 x 19. 5 = 45. 54 inch? /min A formula for calculating horsepower (HPC) of the milling cutter is HPC = MRR/K HPC = 45. 54 / 1. 56 = 29. 19 hp The formulas above are from the article ‘A New Milling 101: Milling Forces and Formulas’ ( Brian Hamil, 2011). One metric horsepower can be defined as the power to raise a mass of 75 kilograms against the earth's gravitational force over a distance of one meter in one second. It can be calculated that the tool force is about 21 kN. . Cost Calculation Operation| Part| Rough Volume (m? )| Drilling| Lower vee-block| 0. 00095| | Upper upside-down vee-block| 0. 00051| Milling| Lower vee-block| 0. 00082| | Thin upside-down vee-block| 0. 00023| Total Volume| | 0. 00251| Density = 7225 kg/m? Mass = 18. 13 kg = 39. 97 pound Iron Materials| Casting process| Cast iron cost (USD/lb) without machining| Machining cost(USD/lb)| Gray iron| Green sand| 0. 58 to 0. 61| 0. 07 to 0. 14| | Resin sand| 0. 65 to 0. 69| 0. 07 to 0. 14| | Shell molding| 0. 72 to 0. 76| 0. 07 to 0. 14|Ductile iron| Green sand| 0. 64 to 0. 67| 0. 07 to 0. 14| | Resin sand| 0. 71 to 0. 74| 0. 07 to 0. 14| | Shell molding| 0. 75 to 0. 79| 0. 07 to 0. 14| Gray iron with shell molding machining process is selected for the fixture. Then the total cost for the 4 vee-blocks can be calculated: (0. 74 + 0. 10) x 39. 97 = 35. 57 USD = 32. 81 AUD Items| Description| Quantity| Total Cost (AUD)| Vee-block| –| 4| 32. 81| Socket head cap screw| M12 x 60 High Tensile| 2| 5. 49| Socket set screw| M12 X 60 Grade 14. 9| 2| 3. 13| Bushing| 79 Honda CBX Bronze Swing Arm| 1| 22. 4| Locating pin| 23. 5 mm diameter| 1| 18. 87| Total Cost| | | 83. 24| Thus the total cost for our design is approximately 83. 24 AUD. It should be noted that the selling price of the final product ranges between 100-200 AUD. 7. Conclusion It can thus be concluded that in the manufacture of Sportsman Race Series aluminum slipper pistons (Probe Industries) for Chevrolet LS Series V8 engines, jig and fixture assemblies can be used for the two machining processes (drilling the wrist pin hole and milling the bottom form of the piston).The jigs and fixtures designed were basically assemblies of Vee-Blocks with a bushing for the drilling process and another assembly with a locating pin through the wrist pin hole for the milling process. The tolerances were designed in order to not exceed the tolerances in the product specifications. The clamp forces were found to be sufficient and the cost of the jig and fixture is very small compared to the profit made from the final product. The design furthermore is very simple and is thus easily modified to be integrated in a fast-moving assembly line. Therefore it can be concluded that the jig and fixture designs are appropriate. . References Hamil, B. (2011) ‘A New Milling 101: Milling Forces and Formulas’ http://www. mmsonline. com/articles/a-new-milling-101-milling-forces-and-formulas. Pirtini, M. & Lazoglu, I. (2005) Forces and hole quality in drilling International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 45 (2005) 1271–1281. Spaenaur (2012) ‘Suggested Tightening Torque1 Values to Produce Corresponding Bolt Clamping Loads’. http://www. spaena ur. com/pdf/sectionD/D48. pdf 9. Appendix Table 1 http://www. torqwrench. com/Info/fasteners. php Table 2 http://www. torqwrench. com/Info/fasteners. php

Digby Annual Report

[pic] C55847 – Digby Annual Report By Yan Lang, Ching-Hsiang Lin, Shu Ou-Yang, Nuo Xu Shareholder Letter To Our Shareholder, Customers, and Employees: The past eight years have marked an extraordinary level of progress for Digby Electric Sensors and its shareholders. In the past eight years, the company was able to turn its stocks from $34. 25 per share into $45. 77, plus issuing a total of $10 dividends per share along the way. While this level of performance is very rarely rivaled by any type of investment, our company is most proud of the sustainable within the environment and continues growth rate in the electric sensor industry.Eight years ago, our management team touted the importance of the following four guiding principles that helped to make Digby’s success today: 1. Cost leadership: By bringing labor and raw material costs down years ahead of the competition, our company has able to enjoy the prevailing market price and generating excess profits. 2. Low price products: By taking aggressive actions early to bring down the costs of production, our company has been able to output the highest quality line of electric sensors and offer low selling price in the industry. 3.Aggressive marketing: Aggressive spending in marketing every year has helped the company to gain customer awareness in preparation for eventual lower per unit production costs. This immediately helped Digby to sales in high volumes. 4. Board diversified products: In each segment, our company keeps trying to become the product leader. We spent heavily in TQM in order to reduce R&D cycle also increase market demand. The level of return on investments our company has been able to deliver by following the four listed principles is not only a tribute to our past success, but also serves as a source of optimism for Digby’s future.In the following pages you will find more detailed information on the dominate positioning our company holds in the industry as well as adjustment s to be made to further increase shareholder value. Best Regards, Digby Corp. Corporation Profile: Overall about the company Lang, Yan- Chief Executive Office and Chief Operations Officer established Digby, Inc. on January 22nd, 2013. The company’s headquarters are located in center Arlington, TX. Digby, Corp. is currently one of the leading manufacturers of high quality sensor chips in the United States.Yan founded the company on the premise that it would successfully produce and sell sensors of highest quality and reliability to various segments of consumers with all type of needs, such as those for newness and affordability, and would continue to place a strong focus on research and innovation to persistently cater to these changing needs and maintain a substantial amount of market share in the growing market. Digby’s product line includes Daze, Dell, Dixie, Dot and Dune, which are sold online, as well as through local technology retailers nationwide.Digby has provi ded quality products for many successful applications and has helped many companies achieve their project objectives with the highest standards of quality and reliability. Our Mission & Vision â€Å"At Digby, Corp. , we are dedicated to providing optimal sensors for our customer’s needs and wants. Our guiding objectives are customer satisfaction and continuous improvement. Our overall goal is to consistently strive to deliver the highest quality products and technology and offer competitive pricing in each and every target segment of users. Culture â€Å"We want employees to be proud of the work they do, and to remember that they are part of Digby, Corp. committed to providing excellent service and exceptional products to the public,† Core Values Integrity — Build  mutual trust through ethical and responsible thoughts, words, and actions. Teamwork — Collaborate, share information openly, leverage our diversity, be transparent. Speak up, debate, and dis agree, but decide, commit to the decision, and make it a success. Winning Mindset — Be positive, adaptable, and competitive.Deliver results to ensure the success of Altera and our customers. Accountability — Define, own, and answer to your area of responsibility. Innovation — Think forward, take calculated risks, be agents of change, adapt quickly. Create a learning environment where we develop our skills and invest in our employees. Executive Leader [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] Strategies: Digby, Corp. takes pride as a broad cost leadership and broad differentiation strategies to develop competitive advantages in the sensor industry.In the past eight years, Digby sensors were designed to fit a wider array of preferences, such as those for a brand new product, known as the Traditional segment; a premium priced product that offers both high performance and desirable size, known as the High End segment; an extraordinary performing product, known as the High Performance segment; a smaller sized product, known as Size segment; and finally, a lower priced product, which is referred to as the Low End segment.However, once the company executives began to recognize which stood out amongst the rest as the most promising for increasing revenues and producing maximum returns, Digby’s overall strategy was shifted to emphasize only on the Traditional, Performance, and Low End segments and in improving existing products in these categories while also creating new. In the first five years, we invest generous amount in TQM in order to reduce material, labor and administrative costs, shorten the length of time required for R&D projects to complete and increase demand for the product line enable for us to make more profits in short term.Further, we believes that wise use of resources and increasing efficiency are key in building long term success and that pinpointing the most effective outlets for accessing target consumers and utilizing a large marketing and promotional budget are essential for creating and maintaining awareness of Digby, Corp. and its products. Financial Highlights: (In Thousands of Dollars, except Per Share Data) | | | |Revenue | |Net Cash Flow | |Operating Activities | |Closing Financial Position | |Total Equity | |Per Common Share | |Market Value | |Financial Ratios | |% ROS |13. | |Cost leadership strategy |Low market share | |Board diversified products |Less diversity | |Strong brand equity |Low customer awareness and accessibility | |Strong financial position |High stock price | |Competitive wages and profit sharing | | |Loyalty customers | | |Opportunities |Threats | |Emerging markets and expansion abroad |Severe competition | |Innovation |Cheaper technology | |Product and services expansion |Reduction in demand from economic regression | |Increase customer satisfaction scores |Lower cost competitors or imports. |Aggressive spending in advertisement. |Maturing categories, products, or services | Risk& Uncertainty: Digby faces the uncertainty and risks of the competitive market in the sensor industry and the reduction in demand from economic regression, the top management team still dedicated to increase the market share and the stock price in the sensor industry. These results emphasize the role of uncertainty as a determinant of investment spending, and suggest that policies that reduce volatility may lower the required cost of capital. By using SWOT analysis, our management team figures out that add value to our products and decrease our product’s weakness.Digby using the cost leadership strategy to attract the target customers and also tries to decrease the labor and raw material costs, relative to that of competitors. Although cost leadership implies keeping costs as low as possible, our products and services still have qualities and features that customer find acceptable. On the other hand, our company keeps trying to become the product leader in each segment, w e spent heavily investment in the TQM in order to reduce R&D cycle also increase market demand. Future of the company: Digby is a company has lots of growing potential and energy. In the past eight years, we have just set a strong foundation for our company’s future grows. We will keep expanding its manufacture plants and focusing on board diversified products that meet customers’ need.With the â€Å"AAA† investment rating, we will invest heavily with low interest payments in R&D and TQM departments, so we would keep its low cost advantage within the industry. In the next five years, our targeted market share is 25%, and our targeted stock price is $65 with an overall $15 per share dividend payment. In the near future, we will start to use our best effort to develop, to expand, and to grow. And then, we will become the industry leader and enjoy the profits that we made. ———————– Lang, Yan Founder Chief Exec utive Officer Chief Operations Officer Lin, Ching-Hsiang Vice President of Marketing and Sales Shu, Ou-yang Chief Financial Officer Xu, Nuo Vice President of Human Resources

Chattel Slavery Essay

Indentureship was supposed to differ from slavery, however, the servants were treated as harshly as the slaves Chattel- African slaves were treated as commodities System of slavery whereby an individual and their offspring are recognised by the law as being the property of another person for life. This system was established by Europeans and formed the basis of transatlantic slavery With due respect to the I’s good intentions, from all that I have read and studied it would be a mockery to compare Indian indentureship to African chattel slavery in the Caribbean. Firstly, Indians were allowed to retain: their family (Africans had theirs split up); their language (Africans had the use of theirs forbidden); their religion (Africans had theirs banned); their music (Africans had the drum – representing the voice of their gods – banned by laws, some of which remain on the statute book in Barbados to this day). This highlights the all-important difference between indentureship and slavery: The heart of slavery was not the horrible labour conditions. If that were so, slavery and indentureship might be comparable. The heart of slavery was the stealing of the African’s soul – his language (the eyes through which one sees the world), his gods, his family, his musical sounds. That is why some 169 years after Emancipation, many Africans in the Caribbean remain enslaved. Some say enslaved mentally (in distinction to physical slavery), but this is misleading. SLAVERY IS MENTAL. Captivity is physical. Why the Africans have taken longer to restore their race – as opposed to Indians, Jews and other ethnic groups that suffered at the hands of White Supremacy – is because no other people were ever subjected to what the Africans suffered. If you capture a people and reduce them to harsh, brutal conditions of exploitation, once they survive, when that is brought to an end the people will soon rehabilitate themselves. But when you take away a people’s tongue, their connection to the ancestors, their gods; when you smash their family life so that the male loses respect for the female and vice versa; when you teach them to hate their skin, their lips, their hair, so that they hate anyone that looks like them – then you will have destroyed the culture and soul of that people and recovery will be almost like a resurrection. That is why it has taken Rastafari, Vodun, Orisha and the other spiritual potencies to awaken and heal the descendants of the African slaves. Secondly, millions of Africans died on the dreadful crossing from Africa. How many Indians perished on their way here? The Trans-Atlantic trade in captive Africans and African chattel slavery lasted roughly from 1473 to the 1880s – some four centuries. Indian indentureship lasted from the 1840s until when – the end of the 19th century? Thirdly, the trade in African captives depleted the African homeland tremendously. Consequently, up to this day, in contrast to the huge populations of India and China, the African continent is badly underpopulated. In fact, it has been estimated that even if all the Black people returned tomorrow to Africa, it still would not be fully populated. Walter Rodney in   provides some Statistics to give an idea of the devastating effect that the trade in Africans had on Africa for four centuries. Whole towns and villages were wiped out. Ethnic groups disappeared. Others were driven to war on their neighbours or face the prospect of having their own group captured and shipped to the ‘New World’. The natural line and trajectory of material and spiritual development for millennia in Africa’s history up to the time of the Trans-Atlantic Trade in captive African was interrupted, disrupted and corrupted. While it is true that India suffered horribly as a result of the British penetration of India during the period of indentureship, history attests that neither the scale nor the time period of this penetration can match the reality of the impact of the Slave Trade and Slavery on Africans and their Motherland. But while the enslaved Africans – unlike the indentured Indians – had their ancestral cloak ripped from them, the White man could not take the living nucleus of their culture and its memory from them. So (as they say ‘whoever loses his life shall gain it’) they took this breath of their culture and created the living soul of Africa in the Caribbean – they recreated their musical forms, they reconceived their ancient gods through new prisms (likje Judedo-Christianity, for example in Haitian Vodun and Rastafari), they revived their sense of an organic connection to the earth, they rediscovered the taste of their traditional cuisine, and so on. And that is why we find that almost all that is distinctive about indigenous Caribbean culture owes its inspiration, its image and likeness, to Africa. It is also probably why there is no enduring large-scale mass Back to India or Back to China movements coming out of the Caribbean. In a sense, Mother India and Mother China were not taken away from their indentured children in the Caribbean since they continued to wear their traditional dress, listen to their traditional music, speak their traditional language and worship ther traditional gods. When the true history of the last 5 centuries of the recently past millennium is finally placed in proper perspective, the incomparable tragedy of the African people during the era of the slave trade and slavery will come fully to light. It is without precedent in human history. I close by suggesting that the Indian people – who are essentially of African origin as Rashidi has documented – have a secure place in Rastafari, and as the Mansinghs have shown in their research, they have made a valuable contribution to the development of the Rastafari way of life. Indentured servants were working â€Å"on contract† to repay a debt, usually for transportation to America. â€Å"Chattel† means personal property, so â€Å"chattel slaves† were legally considered property, the same as a mule or a goat. An indentured servant worked for his/her master without pay until the debt was paid off. Typically, for repayment of the cost of being taken from England to America, the time of service was seven years, although it ranged from four to ten. At the end of that time, the indentured servant was free to leave and find other, gainful employment. There were cases of abuse by masters in which additional time was added by charging the servant for things like rent, food, lost or broken tools or products, etc. , because indentured servants were usually not well-educated and could be taken advantage of. The only ways a chattel slave could be released from a lifetime of unpaid service were manumission (being legally given freedom by his/her owner) or purchase, either by himself/herself – rare, but possible – or by a third party, such as societies of abolitionists who purchased slaves’ freedom for them. The best-known of these groups bought land in west Africa and founded there the nation of Liberia, for the purpose of resettling freed American slaves. Interesting sidelight: the term â€Å"indentured† is related to words like â€Å"dentist† and â€Å"dental. † An indentured servant had a written contract with his master. At the time the contract was signed, it was torn in two. The master kept one half and the servant kept one half. To ensure that these halves were part of the original document, the tear-lines were deliberately made irregular and jagged so that no other piece of paper would match. The jagged tearing was â€Å"indented† – it looked like teeth

Business tratments between Isreal and some Arabic countries Research Paper

Business tratments between Isreal and some Arabic countries - Research Paper Example For instance, in the cases of oil exchange between two or more nations, the international trade agreements are mostly set by governments. This sort of trade agreements are considered to be of prime benefits for incumbent nations. These international business treaties also contribute to the international openness factor along with playing a significant role of economic growth variables. For instance, oil trade agreements between Israel and Kuwait or Saudi Arabia or Qatar among other nations can ensure greater benefits in the long run. At the same time, apart from merely oil treaties, multiple import and export businesses also occur between these nations which include exchange of food products, beverages, electronics and heavy machinery among others. The prime focus of this discussion will be regarding the evaluation of various legal aspects related with international trade between two nations. Moreover, this discussion will be taking into consideration three crucial factors namely the international oil agreements, import and export of goods and shared investments and the specific legal aspects associated with these. For this part of the discussion, the instance of Egypt as one of the Arab nations has been highlighted. Multiple reports describe that Egypt has been counted as one of the business partners successfully carrying out business with Israel. The trade relationship between these two nations started with the signing of the peace treaty. This peace treaty can be considered as the first legal agreement meant for bringing these two nations into peaceful business conduct (American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise, 2014). Apart from Egypt, other Arab nations such as Algeria, Iraq, Somalia, and Syria cannot be accounted in terms of carrying out any sort of trade relationship with Israel since there seems to be multiple instabilities regarding the relationship between Israel and the Arab nations. The evidence of such

Finance assigment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Finance assigment - Assignment Example Current account balance has been the best in the year 2008 indicating the increased exports and decreased imports thus showing surplus. The country still has the potential as well as need to improve the current account balance by increasing exports. Capital transfer has been the same throughout although it indicates stability in investments but still need to improve as direct investments have declined to dangerous extends showing a negative value. Balance of payment is extremely important for a business. It helps the business evaluate the gap between receipts and payments. The focus of the business should be to increase exports and decrease imports in order to make the business self sufficient. It helps business establish ways to create goods that can substitute imports. It helps business establish backward integration. IT invites investments as number of recipients increase as a result businesses flourish. While payments increases capital outflows so the balance of payments give the strategic managers the idea to implement a plan that should focus in reducing payments and increasing receipts result in surplus of balance of

Situational Analysis Report about Toyota in Australia Essay

Situational Analysis Report about Toyota in Australia - Essay Example This paper will focus on present information about the market situation, Toyota share in Australia market, target market, trends that bear on the company’s product line in future, and identify the (SWOT) strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats facing the company. Introduction In Australia, the head office for Toyota Motors Corporation is located in Melbourne where all the manufacturing activities are conducted. However, the marketing and sales are done in Sydney. The Australian branch deals with manufacture of vehicles such as Camry and Aurion. However, Toyota Australia is also concerned with importing other models, which include Corolla, Toraga, Kluger, HiAce, HiLux, LandCruser, Yaris, Torago, RAV4, and Prius. Additionally, Toyota Australia is concerned with selling of other brands such as Lexus. Toyota Australia is performing considerably well. It was the best vehicle exporter in 2008 when it exported 101,668 cars. Toyota Australia markets its vehicle to more than 20 countries located in different parts of the world. Market Situation Toyota Australia leads the automobile industry in Australia in manufacture of environmentally friendly vehicles. One of the greatest successes was success of hybrid technology, which was used in Prius. Currently, Toyota Prius, the most advanced hybrid system in the world is the most selling product for Toyota Australia. After the 2008 economic crisis, has been experiencing decreased sales in vehicle sales resulting in reduction in profits. However, Toyota Australia remains the best performing Automobile manufacturer in Australia. It has a market share of about 23.7%. However, the sales are expected to grow as the global economy recovers from the recession. After the recession, the Australian dollar weakened resulting in increased prices for all imported cars (Deloitte, 2012). Toyota Australia is the largest automobile exporter in Australia and mainly exports its vehicles to Middle East, Pacific Islands, and New Z ealand. However, Toyota Australia is facing grave competition in Middle East due to entry of automobile companies from China into this region. Although the market condition continues to become tougher, Toyota Australia is performing considerably well. The best performing car model include Corolla, Yaris, Corolla, and HiLux (IBM, 2011). Increase in the demand for car over the recent past has resulted in growth in market for Toyota Australia. Target market is the people working in the cities. The Toyota automobiles are affordable to people in middle and lower classes. However, Prius is quite expensive but being efficient in fuel use makes it favorable for different groups (IBM, 2011; Deloitte, 2012). Macro Environmental Situation Macro environment is the economic external market environment and the broad trends that may bear on product line (Woof, 2011). Increase in completion has obligated Toyota Australia to create more fuel-efficient cars, which emit fewer wastes hence environmenta lly friendly. This led to manufacture of Toyota Prius, which is considered the greenest car since it has reduced pollution and greenhouse effect. However, this model is facing competition from Honda Civic Hybrid and Ford Fusion Hybrid Car. The major competitors of Toyota Australia include Ford, GM, Mercedes, Volkswagen, BMW, and Honda (Mullins, Walker, & Harper, 2009; Silva, 2006), Politically, Australia is a democratic country. Australia is

The Contribution of Geriatric Health Services Research to Successful Essay

The Contribution of Geriatric Health Services Research to Successful Aging - Essay Example The variables for the contributions of Geriatric Health Services Research include : changing care patterns to increase chances of successful; eliminating the iatrogenic consequences of medical care preservation of quality of their aging. Added to these, Owe and Kahn pointed out three components of health services and these are: the changing care patterns to gain chances of successful aging; and elimination of the iatrogenic consequences. On the other hand, measures of frailty, life satisfaction or quality of life, and Physical health are few of the successful aging variables. Several other factors may also be included, like substantial roles, physical and social-psychological environment. Moderator variables may also be added in the study, like evaluation of objective physical disability, subjective physical and mental health. Experimental designs by way of randomized trial and the quasi-experimental methods were needed. This step basically required closely examination of the participants as well as the personnel. Randomized trial and the quasi-experimental methods according to Gay (1999) are two of the strongest designs in providing empirical evidence. It is substantial in establishing the effects of the treatments used. ... 1. Chronic Illness Care 2. Use of Clinical Measures3 Evaluating the effects of this conjoint program; and The Contribution 2 4. Strengthen Geriatric Health Services Policies. Ho3: Geriatric Health Services Department has not attained the high level of "Successful Aging". Types of VariablesThe variables for the contributions of Geriatric Health Services Research include : changing care patterns to increase chances of successful; eliminating the iatrogenic consequences of medical care preservation of quality of their aging. Added to these, Owe and Kahn pointed out three components of health services and these are: the changing care patterns to gain chances of successful aging; and elimination of the iatrogenic consequences. On the other hand, measures of frailty, life satisfaction or quality of life, and Physical health are few of the successful aging variables. Several other factors may also be included, like substantial roles, physical and social-psychological environment. Moderator variables may also be added in the study, like evaluation of objective physical disability, subjective physical and mental health. Methods Used in the Study.Experimental designs by way of randomized trial and the quasi-experimental methods were needed. This step basically required closely examination of the participants as well as the personnel. Randomized trial and the quasi-experimental methods according to Gay (1999) are two of the strongest designs in providing empirical evidence. It is substantial in establishing the effects of the treatments used. It can control certain degree of biases brought about by differential failure or loss to follow-up, the inadequate of control over risk

Individual Report and Reflection Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Individual Report and Reflection - Coursework Example The reflection portion would proffer personal opinion about the experience gained from the small business endeavour and how one would benefit from it in the future. One’s group which is composed of five members decided to choose Salah Adden mosque and sell tradition product from Saudi Arabia which is (subha). The purpose of the small business is to earn moray for donation to a chosen charity and enable making some reforms in the Salah Adden mosque. The report would be structured by initially discussing the planning phase where the profile of the charity event was organized and decided on. Intricate details were eventually noted to incorporate pre-event marketing information like the 4Is applied in the project; operational details; clearly defined objectives and group goals; market research; and the relationship to various stakeholders. The outcome of the event would also be revealed in terms of the financial performance and the lessons learned from the experience. Profile of t he Charity and the Community Involved The chosen charity as beneficiary for the proceeds of the subha sales is the Salah Adden mosque located in central London. ... served by friends included praying five times a day on the mosque and would therefore enable the group to facilitate contact and correspondences with authorized mosque personnel to implement the charity and donation and monitor the changes on the proposed improvements, as indicated. In this regard, the objectives and goals of the group and of the event are as follows: Group Objectives: To organize and implement a fundraising event through buying and selling of Muslim prayer beads (subha) and donate the proceeds from the sales to the Salah Adden mosque. The proceeds are proposed to be spent on carpets and adding more shelves on the mosque’s furniture and fixtures. How the Activity/Event Evolved, Planned and Promoted How the Fundraising Idea Evolved: The group has initially agreed on selling a particular product to raise funds for donation to the Salah Adden mosque. Each member in the group gave an idea about proposed products to sell. One member suggested selling some cake and drink; while another member said it would be better to sell stationary to address the students’ needs. Finally, from the suggested product list, the group decided to sell Subha, prayer beads for Muslim people for the reason that it is unique and the target customers would be interested in it. The proposed target market is the Muslim students of the University. The Planning Phase: The planning phase included the development of the business plan (Annex A) and a market research. The market research required application of the 4Ps theory where details of the product, price, place and promotions would be closely evaluated, strategies designed and explicitly stated for clarity of direction in implementation (Carter and Jones-Evans, 2006; Nwankwo and Gbadamosi, 2011). The brief market research

How will a confederate system in the GCC serve as a tool of Term Paper

How will a confederate system in the GCC serve as a tool of self-defense against foreign powers - Term Paper Example â€Å"The GCC, founded in 1981 as an economic and political group, includes Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman and Bahrain. They chose a confederation system† (Hawari). The confederate system in the GCC has many advantages and disadvantages. The threat from Iran is successfully blocked by the confederate system in the GCC. The political problems in the member country Bahrain is currently causing problems to the stability of GCC. United States is looking for an opportunity to interfere in Bahrain as they did in Iraq. The confederate system in the GCC can do many things to bring stability in Bahrain and to block United States from interfering in Bahrain. â€Å"At the conclusion of a two-day summit held in Riyadh on December 20, 2011, GCC leaders endorsed a proposal by King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia to transform the GCC into a union of member states† (Al-Jayousi). This paper analyses the advantages and disadvantages of confederate system in the GCC; How GCC would protect themselves from the threats of Iran; How it would help bring stability to Bahrain and How it would stop the United States from using Bahrain as a way of intervention etc. A confederation â€Å"Makes it possible for the several states to cooperate in matters of common concern and also retain their separate identities†(Advantages and disadvantages of federal, confederate and unitary systems of Government). Increased cooperation between different countries under a common label will always increase the bargaining power of the confederation. For example, majority of the GCC countries are major suppliers of oil in international market. They can control oil production based on the demand and thus control the oil prices in international market. It should be noted that if individual GCC countries implement their own policies with respect to oil production and supply, internal

PA585 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR Essay

PA585 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR - Essay Example Responsibility of local governments is increasing day by day but their financial position does not improve with the same speed. Hence local governments resort to intergovernmental transfers for small amounts to meet school related expenditures. Though this is the fact, financial aid from the state and the federal is on a reducing trend. When federal aid was reduced during the Reagan era, state funds came to the rescue of local governments to suffice their revenue needs. Later, state support also declined because it had to manage its budgets. Hence decrease in revenue has led to a collective slowdown in the economy of local regions. (Fahim, 2005). On the whole, the service delivery of local government to citizens is affected which is in turn controlled by political driven policies. This has raised arguments on the role of the American government with respect to its function and costs. Poor funding from federal programs has created an impact on the local government leader’s responsibilities and tasks, opinion on elected leaders and questions the role of citizens and the method with which local governance is carried out. Citizens feel that local governments are more dependable and efficient than the federal or state authorities. Hence citizens require the local government to play a detailed role in terms of requirements, priorities and methods to solve their issues. Though citizens require good service from the government they are reluctant to pay high amount of tax to avail better services. This has put the local government in a thoughtful condition where the government is in a position to implement innovative methods to draft budgets and manage funds in order to maintain a good relationship with citizens. Councils, governing bodies, boards, managers and staff who form the members of the local government structure are responsible to carry out the affairs of the citizens in

Discussion Chapter 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Chapter 6 - Essay Example In the long-run, the country will be facing a water shortage due to huge volume needed to support the processing of grains into ethanol. Another problem that the country may be confronted with is the rising corn acreage which demands extensive fertilization (Runge). Fertilization adds nitrogen and phosphorous into the lakes and streams; thus, resulting in the eventual destruction of aquatic life (Runge , par 13). In view of the above, it is proposed that the corn subsidy be instead transferred to subsidy in grass to produce bio-fuel. A major advantage of using grass, particularly switchgrass is that it grows easily. It does not require fertile land unlike other food crops. Since grass is not consumed by humans, it will not have any effect on food prices, unlike that of corn. If the change is implemented, then the debate between fuel and food is eliminated (Bionomicfuel.com 1). An increase in subsidy for switchgrass will even encourage farmers to plant this type of grass in land which are not used for agricultural production. Runge, C. Ford. "The case against biofuels: Probing ethanols hidden cost." 11 March 2010. e360.yale.edu. Web. 5 June 2012

Business Case Study Essay Example for Free

Business Case Study Essay A report on investigation into Business Case Date: May 02, 2013 Acquainted with your Business situation. I see a few problems within your business. One of the problems is changes in economic environment, which lead to conflict between stakeholders. The other problem is change of business structure. A success factor for any business is to analyse and understand the external environment in which it operates. Understanding of different types of stakeholders within business is essential too. To analyse business situation various method can be used. To analyse your current business situation I have used SWAT analyse which will give you opportunity better understand external environment and how it can impact your business. And will help you better understand conflict between stakeholders. The most basic SWOT analyse will examine how threats and opportunities can be dealt with while allowing the organisation to utilise its strengths and weaknesses to meet its key success factors [objectives]. A basic SWOT analysis should include an assessment of where the company is at current time and where it wishes to be at some point in the future . The organisation also needs to decide how far away that future is-it will vary from a few month to many years depending on the organisation, the nature of the business and its current situation (B 120, Book 1). SWOT analysis for the The Lodge Bistro Chain Strengths New IT system Initiative management stuff Possibility to adjust to changes Name and business recognition| Weaknesses Informal structure High stuff turnover Inconsistency in standards | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Opportunities New consumers base Reinstate some formal structure and rules| Threats Complete loss of concept Lose of standards Competition External economic environment| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | As you can see from analyse above that the strengths will be recognition of your business and possibility of the business to adjust to new economic environment as you have initiative management team as it is described in Business Case: As an example of these issues, the young manager of one of the cafes in a central urban location began to offer a range of less expensive snacks to cater for diners on low incomes and reduced packaging to respond to the environmentally friendly principles of many customers. Another, in an area close to an office complex, offered a range of healthy eating options. It clearly shows that you have opportunities to attract new consumer’s base. Reinstate some formal structure and rules will give you better opportunity to control business Weaknesses arise from high stuff turnover, as you spend time, recourses for educating stuff. I think it would be beneficial to investigate why they leaving and looking for benefits packages you can purpose to your stuff And main threats arise from losing standards, huge competition and economic environment. For future I would purpose you to use methods like SWAT, STEEP and analyse of stakeholders before making any changes. Would be beneficial to make SWAT analyse on the way business was in 80’s and use it as comparison to current situation. It will give you opportunity to reinforce some formal structure more successfully. References The Open University (2006) B120 An Induction to business studies, Book 1, What is a business? ’, Milton Keynes, The Open University, page 95.

Case Study: Mathematics In Primary School

Case Study: Mathematics In Primary School During a childs early years it is vital to develop the cognitive and social skills that will allow them to generate a foundation of knowledge and a basic set of skills for learning, which can be applied and developed throughout the rest of their schooling and adult life. This begins with the parental and familial influence on the child and progresses through their Primary School years and interaction with teachers and peers. Communication between parents, teacher and child are therefore of vital importance. Without these ingredients, a child may not achieve their full potential. For the reasons noted above it is necessary to ensure that the mathematical ability of young pupils is well established in the early years setting. A number of recommendations which have implications for pupils and Early Years practitioners are made in the Williams report and will be reviewed below. The impact of parental influence on the developing child is immeasurable. As such it is critical to ensure that the mathematical ability of, and teaching method used by parents is sufficient to understand and teach their child in a way which is relevant to the current syllabus (parents mathematical skills may be weak or outdated). It is also important for parents to encourage positivity towards mathematics this is only possible if they are confident with mathematics themselves. Provision of programmes, such as Sure Start, Effective Provision of Pre-School Education and the work of Parent Support Advisors, aim to achieve this and should continue to receive funding to break the continuing cycle of negativity towards mathematics. It is the responsibility of the Early Years teacher, with specific regard to mathematics, to: Form effective bonds with pupils to affect their learning (one of the key features of Early Years Foundation Stage). Treat the child as a unique individual and adapt pedagogy accordingly, creating an enabling environment for all pupils. Generate interest in the subject matter. Provide basic skills in the core mathematical operations. It is suggested that learning goals should be expanded to include time and capacity. This seems a logical expansion of the core mathematical concepts and will allow for accelerated understanding of the more difficult concepts. Challenge the pupil and generate progression of knowledge, thinking skills and learning methods. However, the child must not be overloaded. Assess progress or lack thereof (allowing generation of the childs Individual Education Plan), provide intervention if necessary, supervise the intervention and correctly assess and acknowledge progress. Involve parents in the childs learning process and provide feedback, especially if the child needs extra support. This can bring the childs ability in-line with peers and prevent the child from falling behind. This is also important in the converse scenario; it is important to challenge a gifted pupil. Parents can be influential here. Assist in the generation of a positive attitude towards Mathematics for pupil and parent(s)/guardian(s). Ensure that the childs confidence is maintained and therefore retain the childs appetite for new learning. Therefore it is vital that teachers develop an effective pedagogy. This process begins with the development of teaching strategies through Initial Teacher Training (ITT) and is enhanced through continuous professional development (CPD). The application of effective pedagogy includes focusing learning appropriately (with guidance from the syllabus), creating realistic yet challenging and tailored educational aims, implementing a well honed teaching technique to achieve educational aims, supported by sufficient subject knowledge. Provision of quality teaching shares a linear relationship with the mean qualification level of all staff. Consequently it is suggested that the DCSF continues to increase the proportion of graduate practitioners in early years settings recognising the respective contributions of the Qualified Teacher. This provides further support for the direction of all staff toward CPD which should be tailored around childrens understanding of mathematical concepts and way s of learning. Effective Early Years mathematical pedagogy must support children in developing new skills, generating the ability to understand and analyse mathematical concepts, and eventually to evaluate and apply those concepts to problem solving tasks. The learning environment should make mathematics less stressful from an early age. With Early Years pupils in mind it is important to utilise play and daily routines to generate interest in numeracy and mathematical problem solving. Simple activities can carry a mathematical concept such as division by sharing, addition/subtraction in weighing activities, assessing shape etc. To continue the cycle, mathematical exercises must be fun to retain the childs interest and expand confidence. Involving peers in problem solving tasks expands social skills and provides partners for discussion whilst knowledge is improved. The head teacher and management team should prioritise and manage professional development opportunities to develop subject knowledge and pedagogy, through learning, coaching and mentoring initiatives for all staff members. It must be ensured that this is not detrimental to contact time. Williams review would encourage the inclusion of a mathematics component in the CPD programme for head teachers themselves. The head teacher must manage resources in-line with the advice of the management team regarding finance available for manpower and learning aids. It is appropriate for the head teacher to appoint subject leaders who become subject specialists, capable of training and supporting other teachers. Ultimately the head teacher and management team are responsible for demonstrating and coaching good practice to their staff. The head teacher should encourage their staff to deliver the curriculum content to emphasis connections between various mathematical concepts. It is important to note that mathematical concepts and the analysis and evaluation of these concepts cannot occur in the absence of English language skills. Pupils and teacher must be comfortable with mathematical language. Problems with language can cause a cyclical reduction of confidence which generates a lack of motivation and ultimately lack of progress. If the child does experience a difficulty in either numeracy or literacy, some form of intervention should be utilised to raise the attainment level of the child. This can be one of three waves of intervention based within the Primary National Strategy. The three waves are of increasing intensity and correlate largely with the group size requiring intervention. The Every Child Counts programme is delivered during wave 3 intervention and targets year 2 pupils who are not expected to achieve expected levels of attainment by the end of Key Stage 1. Currently in its second year of development, for national application in 2010-11, Every Child Counts aims to develop a highly effective numeracy intervention for young children with the greatest difficulties in mathematics (http://www.everychildachancetrust.org/counts/index.cfm). In support of this aim, Every Child Counts provides training and support for teachers. However, teachers must ensure that their CPD targets allow them to effectively deliver any intervention which they deem necessary for the pupils in their care. Understanding intervention, when it is necessary and its importance should be included within the content of ITT understanding of these factors in the early part of a teachers career allows them to apply the principles during delivery of high quality teaching tailored to each chil d on a daily basis (rather than as purely remedial action). As noted earlier, the childs familial and social situation impact upon their education. As such, the Every Child Counts programme is developed in line with the Every Child a Chance Trust which aims to maximise the achievement of children from socially disadvantaged groups. However, it is important to note that wave 3 intervention delivered through the Every Child Counts scheme is targeted at the 5% lowest attaining pupils nationally, not the lowest 5% in each school. This decision has to be based upon time and resources, the availability of specialists to deliver the intervention and costs of the aforementioned it is impossible to provide intervention for all. Unfortunately this leaves a number of pupils without the support they need. As such it must be a long-term target to provide intervention for more children to prevent disadvantaging one over another. According to the Williams report, wave 1 intervention involves quality first teaching in a daily mathematics lesson. This suggests that quality teaching of mathematics is provided only when remedial action becomes necessary, perhaps this is due to a lack of confidence of the teacher with mathematics. Regardless of the specific reason for this assertion, it has implications for teachers and trainee teachers. ITT and CPD courses must also ensure that their mathematical ability, and confidence with mathematics, is high. Furthermore, it is suggested that a Mathematics Specialist is employed to ensure delivery of high quality teaching in mathematics through support of teachers and assistance with intensive wave three interventions. Any intervention technique/programme has a number of essential components/considerations; (i) assessment, (ii) timing, (iii) duration, (iv) withdrawal from regular schooling, (v) group size, (vi) the intervention leader, (vii) intervention resources and (viii) parents. It is critical to continually monitor the progress of all pupils (in comparison with peers and themselves) in order to accurately assess the need for intervention. The assessment phase should highlight goals for and the likely timing of the intervention based on attainment, without negative impact upon the childs confidence in their achievements or ability. Continual assessment through the programme will update the duration of the intervention (determined during assessment. It is suggested that implementation of Every Child Counts is appropriate in Year 2 is timely and practical and will appropriately limit the pressure on Year 1 teachers and pupils. The supportive and corrective intervention programme must not be detrimental to, the need for the pupil to continue learning in other subjects. The intervention must also prevent isolation from peers. Wave 2 intervention is often able to ensure that pupils are brought up-to-speed with the rest of the class whilst receiving the remedial action they require. With this in mind, it is also important to consider the group size used in any intervention. As noted by Dowkers review of the research conducted by Denvir and Brown (1986b), pupils are more relaxed and positive when taught in a group but can often be distracted by others. This has been reflected in the research phase of Every Child Counts. The head teacher and staff must collaborate on the choice to stream children to support the provision of teaching which stretches all pupils. It becomes more difficult to tailor the intervention activities to the unique needs of each child if they are provided in a group session. Progress assessments can also become difficult if the child hides during comprehension activities. It is therefore necessary to balance the benefits against the consequences of group based intervention. The intervention leader and resources needed must be selected according to the level of support required to sufficiently increase attainment; delivery can be undertaken by the class teacher, teaching assistant, Mathematics Specialist (as suggested by Williams) or parents. Cost factors must also be considered, for example, it is more economical for a teaching assistant to deliver a group intervention than a highly qualified teacher or specialist to deliver one-to-one intervention. It is important to ensure that parents understand and are committed to the intervention and provide learning support at home. It is important for the head teacher to allocate time to assess progress of Year 2 pupils with teachers throughout the year allowing them to plan and manage the timetabling and allocation of/need for resources, including intervention resources. To summarise, best practice in teaching mathematics gives children an understanding and appreciation of mathematics. This requires and effective pedagogy which generates progression of knowledge and understanding. The teacher must be confident, inventive and possess excellent communication skills. ITT is central to developing these skills which should be supported by subject-specific Specialists and CPD programmes provided by the Head teacher. Quality teaching and Intervention and programmes such as Every Child Counts must be regarded as an investment in a childs abilities at an early stage to allow them to contribute positively to the economy in adult life. The head teacher and management team must consider the suggestion to employ and manage a Mathematics Specialist and recruit staff who can deliver effective teaching in collaboration with TAs and parents. Work referenced: http://www.everychildachancetrust.org/counts/index.cfm accessed on 30 August 2010

RIBA Work Stages and Pre-Construction Processes

RIBA Work Stages and Pre-Construction Processes Identification of the steps in construction process: The steps which are identified in construction process through which the construction project passes is important if improvement is occur because it is necessary to every project that goes through similar steps in its assessment and finally the stages vary their intensity or the importance depending up on the project. There are different stages to analysis the process model such as. Inception: It defines the about needs and to determine the financial implications and sources. Feasibility: For use of preliminary designs, and also the costing and investigations of the alternatives. Scheme Design: The scheme design is used for the programming, for budgeting, for briefing, and for the outline design, etc. Detail Design: These Detail design is used for the development of all sub-systems within the design, and for the use the detailed cost control, and technical details etc. Contract: Specification of the contract, pricing mechanisms, and documentation should be prepared carefully for the selection of contractor, etc. Construction: Under these the execution and control of all site works and associated actives are done and further documentation of the contract is done. Commissioning: Getting rid of the problems, giving the instructions regarding the operations, maintenance manuals, conducting opening ceremonies, occupation, evaluation, managing the facility, giving training to the staff, etc. comes under these commissioning. The above sections describe some of the existing design and construction process models in operation and also present the gateway process. This is the process which is adopted by the office of government commerce in the UK, demonstrating multi project management. RIBA plan of work: The process of managing and designing building projects and administering the building contracts in to a number of work Stages is organised by RIBA plan of work. The sequence of work stages may vary to suit the procurement method. The choice of the procurement route has a fundamental influence on how different work stages proceed. This was summarised in outline as far as possible but the exact way in which different stages are conducted in the overall project programme needs the careful consideration at the outset. The RIBA plan of work was originally developed to reflect the needs of traditional contract forms. The subsequent development of alternative contract forms such as PFI, BSF. As per the project needs a vision and key performance indicators should be identified. They should assess at each stage and check that they are still appropriate. Here if they are to be successfully implemented, KPLs should be identified in the early project stages such as preparation, design, construc t and use cycle. RIBA Work Stages: The work stages for the CTG project according to RIBA plan of work is divided into 5 phases as shown below: Preparation Design Pre construction Construction Use Fig 1: RIBA work stages Preparation: Under this stage there are two steps appraisal and describing the design in brief. Appraisal: Appraisal is nothing but the identification of the CTG project requirements and possible limits in developing the project. Feasibility studies and assessment of options are prepared to enable the client to decide whether to proceed. Design brief: This is the second step, in this step the development of the initial statement is prepared to know the clients requirements and limits. Identification of procurement methods, procedures, organisational structures and range of consultants and others to be engaged for the project. Design: In Design there are 3 steps they are as follows. Concept: In this step the design brief and preparation of additional data is implemented. This step includes out line proposals for structural and buildings services systems. The main concept is to review the procurement route. Design Development: This step includes structural and building services systems. This also gives updates on online specifications and cost-plan. In this step the application for getting the permission for detailed planning is done. Technical design: In this step the technical design and specifications are prepared which are sufficient to co-ordinate components and elements of the project and information for statutory standards and construction safety. Pre- construction: In this there are three steps Production Information: The production information has two steps, the first step involves in the preparation of detailed information for construction. Application for statutory approvals is done. The second step includes in the preparation of further information for construction required under the building contract. The review about the information is provided by specialists. Tender Documentation: To enable a tender or tenders to be obtained for the project the tender documentation has to be prepared in detailed. Tender action: This step involves in Identification and evaluation of potential contractors for the project. Obtaining and appraising tenders submission of recommendations to the client Construction: In these there are two steps Mobilisation: In these Mobilisation Letting the building contract, Appointing the contractor. Issuing the information to the contractor and arranging site hand over to the contractor. Construction to practical completion: The building contract is administered to practical completion. The provision to the contractor for the further information and where as when responsibilities are required. Review the information provided by the contractors and specialists. Use: Post Practical Completion: The administration of the building contractor after practical completion and making final inspections. Assisting building user during initial occupation period. Review of project performance in use. The Gate Way Process: This process was developed by the office of government commerce in the UK, and it was developed on the basis of well proven techniques. This is leads to more effective delivery of benefits in sense of outcomes and predictable costs. This is a review of government procurement project which was carried out by taking the decisions of experienced people as a team. These critical points are identified as gateways. The life cycle of the project has six gateways four before the contract is awarded and to more looking at service implementation and conformation operational benefits. The benefits which are supposed to be come under the process identified as follows: Availability of the best skills and experiences deployed on the project Understanding the status of the project and the stack holders issues carefully. Giving assurance that the project can progress to the next stage of development and implementation, with increased the expectations. Achievement of more realistic time and cost target for the projects. This process can prove to be very beneficial for single project or multiple projects management. Project management is nothing but the overall planning of the project from inspection and completion of the project in time aiming at the CTGs requirements. The process protocol: The process protocol is defined in ten distinct phases in which the design and construction process are mentioned. These ten phases are grouped into four stages namely: Pre-Project, Pre- Construction Construction and Post- construction Pre- Project Stage: Among the ten distinct phases of the process protocol the (0-3) phases comes under the pre- project stage. In this stage strategic business consideration of any potential project was done to fulfil the CTG project requirements. Applying the gateway process the alignment of process protocol is done which will be helpful in achieving higher benefits. In the pre à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ project phases the CTG project requirements are defined and considered with the aim of: Determining the need for a construction project solution, and Securing outline financial authority to proceed to the pre-construction phases. This is the most important stage of a construction process when compared with the later stages. The knowledge possessed by the building developers and consultants could help the CTG project in the early stages. By this approach the problems faced with the translation of this name can be eliminated through the conventional briefing stage of design have the potential for substantial elimination.

Frankenstein Versus Frankenscience Essay -- Mary Shelley Frankenstein

Frankenstein Versus Frankenscience The story of Frankenstein. A story that I, myself, have been familiar with for a good part of my life. It is most popular among horror film fanatics and becomes one of the most desired stories to be told around Halloween. Some see it as a well-told story of a man and his monstrous creation. But is there something deeper? Mary Shelley, the author of Frankenstein, gives light to many truths about the era of modern science. She is using Victor Frankenstein and the monster to play out the roles in a drama that can become all too real. In this paper I would like to focus specifically on the story of Frankenstein and the three integral parts; knowledge, power and the notion of a god-complex; that can be related to the modern era of science. As the story begins (in the excerpt that is to be focused on in this paper) Victor Frankenstein is telling his story. Victor is a young man who, with great determination, spends two years of his life working to create a being in the likeness of man. He decides that the nature of the being should be tall and large in stature and then, in the pursuit of ultimate success, collects the necessary items to begin his project. With these "fibers muscles and veins," he begins his work (Shelley 231). Victor is determined to create "animation upon lifelessness."(Shelley 232) And yet, he doubts. He doubts himself as being capable enough to take on such a gargantuan task. Yet, he presses on. As the years pass, Victor becomes confined to his work space. Seasons pass and family and friends are left by the wayside. His determination keeps him from giving up in a multitude of failures. It is not until one November night that Victor to life. The thought of renewing l... ...l and scary thing. It has the potential to save lives, cure diseases and, now, create new lives through the act of cloning. Humans are the ones who make these advances possible. They are the creators of science. Therefore, it is relevant to take a closer look the qualities that force humans to act a certain way. Knowledge, power and the notion of a god-complex are three qualities that can posses humans to a capacity that can be both healthy and deadly. Victor Frankenstein provided us with a scenario that can only serve to make us think about our own knowledge about science, the power we hold, and the way in which we let those qualities rule our lives. Works Cited Shelley, Mary. "Frankenstein." The Presence of Others: Voices and Images That Call for Response. Eds. Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2000. 231-235.

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers fc

A big house, nice cars, 2.5 kids, a dog, a beautiful devoted spouse, power and a ridiculous amount of money. That is the classical American Dream, at least for some. One could say, an outsider perhaps, that Americans strive for the insurmountable goal of perfection, live, die and do unimaginable things for it, then call the product their own personal American Dream. Is having the American Dream possible? What is the American Dream? There is one answer for these two questions: The American Dream is tangible perfection. In reality, even in nature, perfection does not exist. Life is a series of imperfections that can make living really great or very unpleasant. Living the American Dream is living in perfection, and that by definition is not possible, thus deflating our precious American Dream. F. Scott Fitzgerald proves this fact in The Great Gatsby, through his scintillating characters and unique style. Characters in books often mirror the author's feelings towards the world around them. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald suggested the moral decline of the period in American history through the interpersonal relationships among his characters. The situations in the lives of the characters show the worthlessness of materialism, the futile quest of Myrtle and Gatsby, and how America 's moral values had diminished- through the actions of Daisy, Tom, Jordan, and Gatsby's party guests. Despite his newly acquired fortune, Gatsby still cannot afford his one true wish, therefore he cannot buy everything which is important to Daisy. "..Their love is founded upon feelings from the past, these give it, notwithstanding Gatsby's insistence on being able to repeat the past , an inviolability. It exists in the world of money and corruption but is not of it." (Lewis 48 ) In the novel The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald uses the uses of literary technique of symbolism to reflect what life in the 1920's was like, through Fitzgerald's eyes. The image of Doctor T.J. Eckleburg's eyes is used to signify an ever watchful godlike figure. "Just as Wilson comes half—consciously to identify the eyes of Doctor T.J. Eckleburg with God, so the reader gradually becomes aware of them as representing some kind of detached intellect, brooding gloomily over life in the bleak waste land surrounding it, and presiding fatalistically over the little tragedy enacted as if in sacrifice before it." (Miller 36) The eyes not only symbolize a god—like being but also Fitzgerald himself and his negative views of 1920's society. F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers fc A big house, nice cars, 2.5 kids, a dog, a beautiful devoted spouse, power and a ridiculous amount of money. That is the classical American Dream, at least for some. One could say, an outsider perhaps, that Americans strive for the insurmountable goal of perfection, live, die and do unimaginable things for it, then call the product their own personal American Dream. Is having the American Dream possible? What is the American Dream? There is one answer for these two questions: The American Dream is tangible perfection. In reality, even in nature, perfection does not exist. Life is a series of imperfections that can make living really great or very unpleasant. Living the American Dream is living in perfection, and that by definition is not possible, thus deflating our precious American Dream. F. Scott Fitzgerald proves this fact in The Great Gatsby, through his scintillating characters and unique style. Characters in books often mirror the author's feelings towards the world around them. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald suggested the moral decline of the period in American history through the interpersonal relationships among his characters. The situations in the lives of the characters show the worthlessness of materialism, the futile quest of Myrtle and Gatsby, and how America 's moral values had diminished- through the actions of Daisy, Tom, Jordan, and Gatsby's party guests. Despite his newly acquired fortune, Gatsby still cannot afford his one true wish, therefore he cannot buy everything which is important to Daisy. "..Their love is founded upon feelings from the past, these give it, notwithstanding Gatsby's insistence on being able to repeat the past , an inviolability. It exists in the world of money and corruption but is not of it." (Lewis 48 ) In the novel The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald uses the uses of literary technique of symbolism to reflect what life in the 1920's was like, through Fitzgerald's eyes. The image of Doctor T.J. Eckleburg's eyes is used to signify an ever watchful godlike figure. "Just as Wilson comes half—consciously to identify the eyes of Doctor T.J. Eckleburg with God, so the reader gradually becomes aware of them as representing some kind of detached intellect, brooding gloomily over life in the bleak waste land surrounding it, and presiding fatalistically over the little tragedy enacted as if in sacrifice before it." (Miller 36) The eyes not only symbolize a god—like being but also Fitzgerald himself and his negative views of 1920's society.

Characteristics of Business Leadership

Characteristics of Business Leadership BUS302-024016 October 30, 2011 Characteristics of Business Management The purpose of this paper is to show a comparison of two successful businesses. Borders Books and Amazon. com are two companies that both sold books but used different methods in operating their businesses. Even though they both were successful businesses, both companies had different leadership styles, visions and goals. Out of the two businesses, only one remain successful and present today. In this paper, I will show how both businesses started, how the leaders differ in leadership styles and techniques, and how Amazon continues to be a great success today. Description of the Businesses I will describe each business and how each business started. I will also describe three main challenges each company faced while establishing or running the business. Amazon. com was founded in 1994 by Jeff Bezos as an online bookstore. As CEO he has built it into the largest retailer on the web, selling everything from groceries to electronics and shoes. Jeff Bezos was working in a quantitive analysis group at an investment firm, when he saw an opportunity to sell books on the internet. In 1994 he went on a cross-country drive from New York to Seattle to start Amazon. He typed his business plan as he went. And he picked up $300,000 dollars from his parents in Fort Worth, Texas. He set up his business in his garage and began selling books via the internet. His business became worth $4. 4 billion according to Forbes' latest billionaire rankings in 2009. Since the start of Amazon. om, Jeff Bezos came very close to failure. The company was on the brink of bankruptcy. Jeff Bezos lost a total of $550 million in startup cost by November 1999. But inspite of that, Time magazine named Jeff Bezos † Person of the year† a month later. Borders Books was founded by Louis Borders, who was the leader of Borders Books and got his start in Ann Arbor Michigan in 1971. Louis Borders and his brother Tom Borders opened a used bookstore, accord ing to the book eBoys by Randall Stross. Louis Borders had a degree in math from the University of Michigan. In his store, he went to work designing artificial intelligence software for managing the inventory of a supersize bookstore, and by doing so made opening more bookstores possible. For fifteen years he and his brother operated Border Books in Ann Arbor and sold software to other stores. Borders started opening more stores. In 1988, Borders recruited Robert DiRomualdo to lead the company's expansion. Roberts DiRomualdo was later credited with leading the company's rise to national prominence in the 1990s. In 1992, Kmart Corp; which bought Waldenbooks in 1984, purchased the 21-store chain for an estimated $190 million , the New York Times reported at that time. Once sold, Border Books went through several changes including the name changing to Borders Group Inc. and changes in CEOs. Between January 1998 to January 1999 Borders expanded by adding 52 superstores. This was the biggest one-year expansion in its history. By January 1999, the company had 256 superstores averaging $256 in sales per square foot. In May 1998, Borders launched an online presence for the first time. Borders had several different CEOs until Mike Edwards became interim CEO in January of 2010. Leadership Styles This paragraph will explain the leaders' leadership styles and discuss how they have adapted to cultural differences and how they operates their businesses effectively in global markets. Mike Edwards became interim CEO of Borders in January 2010. This was a time when sales were already at a decline and the company had already been close to filing bankruptcy but avoided it by cutting costs and conserving cash. The company was already at an organizational decline. Prior to him becoming CEO, Borders had already lauched an online presence for the first time in May 1998. Since then, severing ties with Amazon, the company launched a new Borders. com. So after Mike Edwards was named CEO of subsidiary Borders Inc. in June 2010, Borders launched e-book store, started selling e-readers and set strategies to get 17 percent market share in e-books within a year. Doing this online business was with a hope to increase sales nationally and globally. But I believe a mistake was made by continuing to run the business somewhat the same, but just cutting cost. Mike Edwards didn't make the changes necessary o adapt to cultural differences and was not able to operate the business effectively in global markets. Previously Borders had business base in Australia, New Zealand and Singapore but had to sell off its business in those areas. Due to the condition Borders was in when Edwards came on as CEO, didn't allow for a great chance of bouncing back from their losse s. Mike Edwards' style was to hurry and cut cost and to do quickly what he could to save the company. Really, he had no choice but to do this quickly. Jeff Bezos has a style of having a customer-focused culture and he continues to use the leadership methods they have used for years. He makes it difficult for some publicly traded companies to have the right strategy. He makes sure that Amazon. com follows different strategies to acquire business but at the same time adapting to any cultural differences that take place. He operates the business by reaching out to different global areas through his web based business. Jeff Bezos make sure he keeps up with the competition by changing the company's strategies quickly to adapt to any changes in technology, customer needs and competition. He believes that experimenting different things will attract different cultures. Jeff Bezos believes that cultures are very stable. New people who come to the company may stay or leave. But he states that overtime, you build up this momentum around a culture that is self-perpetuating. This is a way to adjust to to different cultural differnces as well. Leadership, Management, and Motivation Management is getting work done through others efficiently and effectively. Leading involves inspiring and motivating workers to work hard to achieve organizational goals. Jeff Bezos, who founded Amazon. com in 1994, states that his view is that every company requires a long-term view. He feels that if you're going to take a long-term orientation, you have to be willing to stay heads down and ignore a wide array of critics, even well-meaning critics. If you don't have a willingness to be misundertood for a long period of time, then you can't have a long-term orientation. He also states that you're also gonna have to have a willingness to repeatedly fail if you're gonna experiment. For some, this is a exciting and motivating culture. Also, he no longer makes all the plans. He has a group called the S Team that (Senior Team) which stays abreast of what the company is doing. This team meets for about four hours every Tuesday. And once or twice a year the S team gets together in a tw-day meeting to explore ideas. This is an example of group decision making. On the other hand, Mike Edwards' focus was to stick to the business plan that he said works. He stated that they were fighting to the end and hoping that a reorganization plan would be approved. By cutting back and closing some stores would help Borders to exit bankruptcy. He did state that Borders mistake was to open so many stores. He immediatley took action and began an aggressive cost-cutting plan to close stores and lay-off workers. Leader’s Impact Jeff Bezos made an impact on the world by allowing customers worldwide via the web to purchase books, and everything from groceries, electronics and shoes and more. This allowed customers to shop from the comfort of their own home. This was a great convenience for customers around the globe. Also, Louis Borders vision had an impact on the world as well. When Borders and his brother Tom started Borders Books, Louis Bothers took his knowledge and designed artificial intelligience that would later benefit other stores by selling them the software to use for their businesses as well. Boarder Books stores allowed customers to purchase all types of books and also to have an peaceful environment to enjoy reading their books. Borders Books later intergrated music and movies into some of their stores. Even though Mike Edwards didn't become CEO of subsidairy Borders Inc. until June 2010, he made an impact on the internal structure by taking drastic measures to save the company by closing alot of the stores and laying-off employees. This not only affected the employees but the consumers who shopped at Borders as well. All these drastic actions also affected the morale of the employees and stores that remained until Borders announced it's liquidation in July 2011. } References Bomey, Nathan (2011). Borders' rise and fall: a timeline of the bookstore chain's 40-year history. http://Ann Arbor. com/business-review/Borders-rise-and-fall-a-timeline-of-the-bookstore-chains-40-year-history Bomey, Nathan (2011). Exclusive interview with Borders

Bharathanatyam Dance Essay

Bharatanatyam is a classical Indian dance form originating in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu.[1][2][3][4][5] This dance form denotes various 19th and 20th century reconstructions of Sadir, the art of temple dancers. Sadir in turn, is derived from ancient dance forms that includes some acrobatic karanas. Bharatnatyam is usually accompanied by Carnatic music. It has its inspirations from the sculptures of the ancient temple of Chidambaram. Bharatanatyam, as the name depicts is the combination of: ‘Bha’ – Bhavam (means expression), ‘Ra’ – Ragam (means music), ‘Ta – Talam (means beat or rhythm) and Natyam (means dance) in Tamil. A possible origin of the name is from Bharata Muni, who wrote the Natya Shastra to which Bharathanatyam owes many of its ideas. This etymology also holds up to scrutiny better since Bharathanatyam is pronounced with short (kuril) forms of â€Å"bha†, â€Å"ra† and â€Å"tha† whereas e ach of â€Å"bhavam†, â€Å"ragam† and â€Å"talam† contain the long (nedil) forms. Bharatnatyam proper is a solo dance, with two aspects, lasya, the graceful feminine lines and movements, and tandava Ananda Thandavam (Tamil) (the dance of Shiva), masculine aspect, which is identical to the Yin and Yang in the Chinese culture At present, Bharatnatyam recitals are usually not performed inside the temple shrine but outside it, and even outside the temple compounds at various festivals. Most contemporary performances are given on the stage with a live ensemble. In popular culture, the adapted, or â€Å"semi-classical†, Bharatnatyam has been exposed largely through depiction in popular movies and TV programs. Learning Bharatnatyam normally takes many years before the arangetram (debut). There are academic and commercialized dance institutes in many countries. Many people choose to learn Carnatic music along with Bharatanatyam as they go together. At present, not only the Hindus but many Christians and Muslims learn it, bringing it beyond the rigid forms of religi ous boundaries.

Dear Manny and Jennifer

Good day! Before anything else, my father and I would like to express our deepest gratitude to both of you with regard to the real estate properties information in Phuket, Thailand.Your suggestions were closely considered and after thinking things thoroughly, my father indicated that he would like to buy a hotel that is fully established and is currently in business. Another possibility would be a hotel that is completely erected and would be in full operation in a few months' time.My father decided on this as he is concerned that it would be difficult if he bought a property that is not yet established since he has very little knowledge about Thailand's real estate laws and regulations. He also understands the trouble of having to deal with the hotel in Phuket while he is in Hong Kong and so he believes that this is the best way to do it.My father is also wondering about the cost of these properties. Is it possible that the prices be forwarded so that he can decide better? I would l ike to assure both of you that he is not rushing to buy a property, so please do not worry. He is actually waiting for the best one in the market, and, when the opportunity comes, you can be sure that he will buy it right away.Again, thank you so much for your help. Your efforts are greatly appreciated. Without you two, we would not have been able to look in to this. We hope to hear from soon.Sincerely